When I think of oppression in the history of the USA the institution of slavery comes to mind first, and also the Civil Rights fight of the 1960’s. During the 60’s the Beatles took on this subject with their song BLACKBIRD.

Concerning OPPRESSION King Solomon many years ago in the Book of Ecclesiastes said that power reigns in this world UNDER THE SUN and it seems that the unjust flourish and the just have calamity come upon them.

Francis Schaeffer noted that King Solomon in the Book of Ecclesiastes took a look at the meaning of life on the basis of human life standing alone between birth and death “under the sun.” This phrase UNDER THE SUN appears over and over in Ecclesiastes. The Christian Scholar Ravi Zacharias noted, “The key to understanding the Book of Ecclesiastes is the term UNDER THE SUN — What that literally means is you lock God out of a closed system and you are left with only this world of Time plus Chance plus matter.”

(Francis Schaeffer pictured below)

Below are three scriptures with Schaeffer’s comments below them.

Ecclesiastes 4:1

 Then I looked again at all the acts of oppression which were being done under the sun. And behold I saw the tears of the oppressed and that they had no one to comfort them; and on the side of their oppressors was power, but they had no one to comfort them.

Between birth and death power rules. Solomon looked over his kingdom and also around the world and proclaimed that right does not rule but power rules.

Ecclesiastes 7:14-15

Ecclesiastes 8:14

¹⁴ There is futility which is done on the earth, that is, there are righteous men to whom it happens according to the deeds of the wicked. On the other hand, there are evil men to whom it happens according to the deeds of the righteous. I say that this too is futility.

We could say it in 20th century language, “The books are not balanced in this life. 

In the film series HOW SHOULD WE THEN LIVE? episode 7 Francis Schaeffer asserts:

Francis Schaeffer asserted in HOW SHOULD WE THEN LIVE? Episode 7:

 This record,  Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, became the rallying cry for young people throughout the world. It expressed the essence of their lives, thoughts and their feelings. 

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How Should We then Live Episode 7 small

Featured artist this week is Sam Gilliam

Sam Gilliam

The title Red April references the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (April 4, 1968), and the riots that followed in Washington, D.C., where Sam Gilliam resided.

Gilliam painted Red April by pouring and splattering acrylic pigments (some thinned-out, some thick and intense) onto a raw canvas he placed on the floor. Gilliam folded the canvas like an accordion and let the paint dry for a while. He intended for some of the pigment to remain wet so that when he unfolded the canvas, it would pull off and adhere to the canvas on top of it. Gilliam then stretched the canvas on beveled stretchers, so it would appear to be coming out of the wall.

Sam Gilliam’s experiments of the 1960s and 1970s grew out of the innovations of modern artists like Jackson Pollock. In addition, by breaking with traditional definitions of material and technique, Gilliam contributed a great deal to contemporary art through his revolutionary work with raw and manipulated canvas (both unframed and shaped), in his application of the properties of newly developed artist-quality acrylic paints, and in his magnificent color field painting. Gilliam was one of the first generation of Washington-based painters who explored the relationships between colors on large expanses of canvas, and to this day he remains one of the most highly praised African-American artists in the world.

Art This Week-At The Blanton-Witness: Art and Civil Rights in the Sixties

Sam Gilliam

Sam Gilliam

Related posts:

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Just like Solomon Picasso slept with many women. Solomon actually slept with  over 1000 women ( Eccl 2:8, I Kings 11:3), and both men ended their lives bitter against all women.

Pablo Picasso: Midnight in Paris

Woody Allen made it known that his pessimistic view on life started at a young age when he learned about man’s mortality. But in the Bible Solomon’s first book was the SONG OF SOLOMON which was written in his early 20’s and is very upbeat. The Book of PROVERBS was written probably when he was in the middle of his life. Finally,  the Book of ECCLESIASTES was written at the end of his life and is extremely pessimistic!!

Just like Solomon Picasso slept with many women. Solomon actually slept with  over 1000 women ( Eccl 2:8, I Kings 11:3).

Gertrude Stein (Kathy Bates) and Marical e Fonzo Bo (Picasso) in ‘Midnight in Paris’.

(In the movie MIDNIGHT IN PARIS you have the may character Gil Pender very interested in Picasso’s mistress Adriana,  played by Marion Cotillard. PICTURED ABOVE.)

Francis Schaeffer pictured below:

Concerning the Book of Ecclesiastes Francis Schaeffer noted: 

Solomon was searching for a meaning in the midst of the details of life. His struggle was to find the meaning of life. Not just plans in life. Anybody can find plans in life. A child can fill up his time with plans of building tomorrow’s sand castle when today’s has been washed away. There is  a difference between finding plans in life and purpose in life. Humanism since the Renaissance and onward has never found it and it has never found it. Modern man has not found it and it has always got worse and darker in a very real way.

Ecclesiastes is the only pessimistic book in the Bible and that is because of the place where Solomon limits himself. He limits himself to the question of human life, life under the sun between birth and death and the answers this would give.

Ecclesiastes 2:4-11

⁴ I enlarged my works: I built houses for myself, I planted vineyards for myself; ⁵ I made gardens and parks for myself and I planted in them all kinds of fruit trees; ⁶ I made ponds of water for myself from which to irrigate a forest of growing trees. ⁷ I bought male and female slaves and I had homeborn slaves. Also I possessed flocks and herds larger than all who preceded me in Jerusalem. ⁸ Also, I collected for myself silver and gold and the treasure of kings and provinces. I provided for myself MALE AND  FEMALE SINGERS AND THE PLEASURES OF MEN–MANY CONCUBINES.

⁹ Then I became great and increased more than all who preceded me in Jerusalem. My wisdom also stood by me. ¹⁰ All that my eyes desired I did not refuse them. I did not withhold my heart from any pleasure…

If one would flee to alcohol, then surely one may choose sexual pursuits to flee to. Solomon looks in this area too.

Ecclesiastes 7:25-28

²⁵ I directed my mind to know, to investigate and to seek wisdom and an explanation, and to know the evil of folly and the foolishness of madness. ²⁶ And I discovered more bitter than death the woman whose heart is snares and nets, whose hands are chains. One who is pleasing to God will escape from her, but the sinner will be captured by her.

²⁷ “Behold, I have discovered this,” says the Preacher, “adding one thing to another to find an explanation, ²⁸ I have looked for other answers but have found none. I found one man in a thousand that I could respect, but not one woman. (Good News Translation on verse 28)

One can understand both Solomon’s expertness in this field and his bitterness.

I Kings 11:1-3 (New American Standard Bible) 

11 Now King Solomon loved many foreign women along with the daughter of Pharaoh: Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, Sidonian, and Hittite women, ² from the nations concerning which the Lord had said to the sons of Israel, “You shall not associate with them, nor shall they associate with you, for they will surely turn your heart away after their gods.” Solomon held fast to these in love. ³ He had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines, and his wives turned his heart away.

An expert but also the reason for his bitterness. Certainly there have been many men over the centuries who have daydreamed of Solomon’s wealth in this area [of women], but at the end it was sorry, not only sorry but nothing and less than nothing. The simple fact is that one can not know woman in the real sense by pursuing 1000 women. It is not possible. Woman is not found this way. All that is left in this setting if one were to pursue the meaning of life in this direction is this most bitter word found in Ecclesiastes 7:28, “I have looked for other answers but have found none. I FOUND ONE MAN IN A THOUSAND THAT I COULD RESPECT, BUT NOT ONE WOMAN.” (Good News Translation on verse 28) He was searching in the wrong way. He was searching for the answer to life in the limited circle of that which is beautiful in itself but not an answer finally in sexual life. More than that he finally tried to find it in variety and HE DIDN’T EVEN TOUCH ONE WOMAN AT THE END.

How Picasso who called all women goddesses or doormats drove his lovers to despair and even suicide with his cruelty and betrayal

By ANNABEL VENNING FOR MAILONLINE
UPDATED: 06:17 EST, 7 March 2012

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2111329/How-Picasso-called-women-goddesses-doormats-drove-lovers-despair-suicide-cruelty-betrayal.html#ixzz42LQPHDkL
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Even in his 70s, Pablo Picasso’s sexual appetite was irrepressible, though his seduction technique was unusual to say the least. If a pretty young girl caught his eye, he would present her with a gold figurine of a little man with a huge phallus.

It was a sign he wanted to sleep with her. And he would give these gifts right under the nose of his second wife, Jacqueline. She would immediately ban the woman from their home, but her furious jealousy did little to deter the artist.

Fidelity was simply not in his nature. He had scores, perhaps hundreds, of lovers. The extraordinary energy he devoted to his paintings and sculptures — he created some 25,000 original works, more than any other artist in history — was matched only by the dedication with which he pursued women.

Passion: Picasso with lover Dora who once told him: ‘As an artist you may be extraordinary, but morally speaking you are worthless.’

A new exhibition at Tate Britain of the work of Pablo Picasso, perhaps the world’s greatest modern artist — co-founder of the Cubist movement, painter, sculptor and ceramicist — reveals the impact these women, particularly his eight long-term lovers, had upon his work, and the price they paid for having been Picasso’s muse.

Two were driven to mental breakdowns and two committed suicide.

Picasso was a man of many contradictions: often kindly and sensitive, he could also be selfish, tyrannical and domineering.

To women in particular he had an almost schizophrenic attitude. As one of his biographers, Patrick O’Brian, observed: ‘Picasso’s feeling for women oscillated between extreme tenderness on the one hand and violent hatred on the other, the mid-point being dislike — if not contempt.’

And yet he was obsessed by women and could not bear to be without a female companion, ideally several.

In fact, his main requirements of a mistress were that she should be both submissive and shorter than him — a somewhat stringent stipulation given that Picasso was a mere 5ft 4in.

He resented his dependence on women, however, and so tried to overcome it by dominating them, often to the point of cruelty. He famously informed one of his mistresses: ‘For me, there are only two kinds of women — goddesses and doormats.’

It was a Jekyll-and-Hyde attitude that may have been shaped by his early years.

Pablo Picasso was born in 1881 in Malaga, Spain. His father, Don José Ruiz, an artist and art teacher, would go to the brothel on a Sunday after Mass. The young Pablo followed his father’s example, losing his virginity at the age of 13 or 14 in one such establishment.

Pablo Picasso pictured with his second wife Jacqueline Picasso. Picasso was a man of many contradictions: often kindly and sensitive, he could also be selfish, tyrannical and domineering

The idea that women existed largely for his convenience and pleasure permeated not just his life but his work.

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, his famous paintings of five naked prostitutes, one squatting in a pornographic manner, is often cited as evidence of his contempt for the opposite sex. Yet he adored his mother, eventually taking her maiden name, Picasso, instead of his father’s surname, Ruiz.

The family were short of money for much of Picasso’s childhood, and this poverty etched itself on Picasso’s heart.

In later life, he was generous to a fault, but he hated to be preyed upon by those keen to exploit his growing fortune.

His artistic talent was obvious from an early age. After art school in Madrid, he left Spain for Paris in 1900, aged 19, with two fellow Spanish painters. One of them fell in love with a girl named Germaine, but, being impotent, was unable to consummate his love.

Picasso, it seems, stepped into the breach and slept with Germaine himself, only for his heartbroken friend to shoot himself.

The tragedy precipitated Picasso’s Blue Period as he poured his grief for his friend into a series of melancholy canvases.

For a time, Picasso moved between Paris, Madrid and Barcelona, where he became obsessed with a striptease artist, drawing a series of delicate, explicit nudes of her that were never displayed.

By 1904, he had settled permanently in Paris, taking a studio in a rundown building on the Seine. It was here that he met Fernande Olivier, an artists’ model who had striking red hair, almond eyes and a voluptuous figure.

Picasso was entranced by this beautiful, liberated woman. Hitherto he had met only pious Spanish ladies or prostitutes. Fernande, meanwhile, was magnetised by his dark, compelling eyes and incredible vitality, which made up for his short stature and far-from-handsome features. She moved into his squalid little studio.

This signalled the end of his Blue Period and the start of his Rose Period as he painted her sensuous pink body on canvas after canvas.

Fernande was gloriously lazy, so Picasso was forced to do all the housework, a contrast with his later relationships in which his mistresses tended to his domestic needs. Yet he was content. Years later, he pointed to the dingy building saying: ‘That is the only place where I was ever happy.’

In 1909, Picasso left this shabby contentment for a smarter studio. He now had patrons — wealthy American art collectors Gertrude and Leo Stein — and his work was being exhibited. But Fernande was becoming irritated by his intense possessiveness. In 1912, she left him for an Italian painter.

Picasso retaliated by taking up with one of her friends, Marcelle Humbert, a frail, slender young woman whom he called Eva. Their love affair was intense, but Picasso’s passion did not preclude dalliances with other women.

Picasso and Jacqueline. To women in particular he had an almost schizophrenic attitude

When Eva contracted tuberculosis in 1915, he cared for her devotedly, but between visits to her bedside he was secretly sleeping with a young woman named Gaby, depicting her in a series of intimate paintings and sketches.

After Eva’s death in 1916, he attempted to console himself with a series of lovers, but his unhappiness made him impossible to live with.

Eventually, he was shaken out of his misery by the poet Jean Cocteau, who persuaded Picasso to paint the scenery for a ballet. So Picasso left war-torn France for Rome, where the Ballets Russes was touring.

He soon fell in love with one of the ballerinas, a Russian girl named Olga Koklova. Inflamed by her lithe body and her aloofness — she refused to succumb to his advances — Picasso was determined to possess her. She eventually weakened and became his mistress, and in 1918, his wife.

They set up home in Paris and the marriage was happy at first, despite their differences. Picasso was Bohemian, unconventional and indifferent to social status. Olga was bourgeois, a social climber and pathologically jealous.

She bore him a son, Paulo, whom Picasso adored. The birth provided a catalyst for a series of tender paintings — called Maternité — of nursing babies.

But domestic bliss was short-lived. Picasso was now wealthy enough to employ servants, and Olga found she had nothing to do.

Bored, unfulfilled and bitter at the loss of her career, she had, said one of Picasso’s friends, ‘only one aim left in life — to make her husband’s existence unbearable — and she even gave up her social activities to devote herself entirely to this exhilarating task’. A more likely explanation was that her husband’s serial infidelities had driven her to the verge of a nervous breakdown.

A woman looks at an artwork entitled The Man with the Hands in His Pockets, by Picasso in an exhibition at the Picasso Museum in Barcelona

Picasso’s paintings soon began to be filled with grotesque, distorted-looking women.

Baigneuse Assise Au Bord De La Mer depicts a monstrous female figure seated like a preying mantis with huge toothy jaws.

He soon found a means of escape from Olga’s clutches. In 1927, he met a beautiful blonde girl, Marie-Thérèse Walter, on a Parisian street.

Within a week they had become lovers, although at just 17 — he was then 46 — she was under the age of consent.

Apart from his second wife, she was the most enduring love of his life, perhaps the only woman who made him truly happy.

Intelligent but not intellectual, she was submissive and tolerant. She put up with his need for other women because she knew that he loved her best.

In 1928, he took his family on holiday to the fashionable seaside resort of Dinard and arranged for Marie-Thérèse to attend a summer camp for girls nearby. Every morning, leaving his wife and son, he and his young lover would entertain each other in a nearby beach hut.

Years later, Marie-Thérèse described his lovemaking as at times ‘intimidating and terrible’. But Picasso’s paintings of her, while highly sensual, are suffused with a tenderness absent from his paintings of other women.

Unable to bear her husband’s infidelities any more, Olga took their son and left the artist to live in the South of France.

In 1927 Picasso met Marie-Thérèse Walter, a 17 year old girl with whom he sought solace from his wife Olga, and went on to have a child

In 1935, Picasso fathered a daughter with Marie-Thérèse, named Maya. He was overjoyed, yet his happiness with his lover did not deter him from plunging into another affair, with a half-Yugoslavian, half-French photographer, Dora Maar. Intellectual, gifted and beautiful, at 29 she was nearly half his age.

For a while, he managed to keep his two young mistresses apart. Then one day they met by accident in his studio. He later described the ensuing scene.

‘Marie-Thérèse turned to me and said: “Make up your mind. Which one of us goes?” I was satisfied with things as they were. I told them they’d have to fight it out for  themselves. So they began to wrestle. It’s one of my choicest memories.’

He immortalised the moment in a painting, Birds In A Cage, in which a black dove (Dora) fights with a beautiful white dove (Marie-Thérèse). The black dove won. Dora moved in with Picasso and he installed Marie-Thérèse and their daughter Maya in a nearby flat.

Dora Maar was an intellectual equal and collaborator — she photographed his famous painting of the Spanish Civil War, Guernica — but one woman was never enough. Only a harem would have satisfied Picasso.

In 1943, with Paris under Nazi occupation, he saw two pretty young girls in a café, and invited them to come to his studio. One of the two, 21-year-old Françoise Gilot, was a law student and aspiring painter. He wooed her for months before she finally surrendered her virginity to him.

When Dora heard about this new affair, she was shattered. Ignoring her distress, Picasso packed her off to a nearby apartment, where she would wait by the telephone for the ‘master’ to summon her round to his studio.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, in 1945 she suffered a total mental  collapse. Picasso sent her to a nursing home to recover and Françoise moved in with him. Dora Maar never took another lover, famously pronouncing: ‘After Picasso, God.’ The artist now turned his attention — for a time at least — fully on his young lover Françoise.

They spent much of their time in the Mediterranean resort of  Antibes, but their happiness  was marred by the frequent appearances of his rejected wife, Olga, who had settled nearby.

By now mentally unstable, and apparently unable to accept Picasso’s adultery, she would burst into his home and attack Françoise, pinching and scratching her.

But such dramatic interventions must by then have become rather run of the mill for Picasso, and were certainly not enough to dissuade him from continuing his new passion.

Françoise bore him two children, a son, Claude, and a daughter, Paloma. Picasso was delighted, but Françoise soon became resentful of the domestic drudgery that living together with children entailed.

Picasso made her get up at dawn to light the stoves in his studios.

She hated the philandering he still refused to give up, and sunk into a bitter gloom, which so depressed Picasso that he contemplated suicide.

Salvation — for him at least — came, once again, in the form of another young mistress. Geneviève Laporte, a poet whom he had first met when she was a schoolgirl in war-time Paris, became his lover in 1951.

He was now 70, she 24. Since he was by now an international celebrity, he had to keep the affair secret to avoid scandal, yet it all came to nothing after she left him in 1953 over some petty misunderstanding.

A heartbroken Picasso hung around nightclubs on the Cote d’Azur hoping to find her. That same year, Françoise finally left him for a Greek lover.

Wretched with rejection, Picasso buried himself in his work. One of his favourite models was Jacqueline Roque, an exotic-looking 27-year-old.

Jacqueline Roque worshipped Picasso when she first met him as a 27-year-old woman – but he was at first indifferent. He went on to marry her in 1954 and the two were together for 20 years

She called him her ‘god’, kissed his hands and worshipped him devotedly. At first he was indifferent, but they soon became lovers. In 1961, he married her — first wife Olga had died of cancer in 1954 — though, his sex drive undiminished, he continued to take other lovers.

During his 20 years with Jacqueline, he painted more than 400 pictures of her. It was a period of intense creativity — but at the expense, some thought, of his happiness.

Towards the end of his life he became almost a hermit, which his friends blamed on the possessive Jacqueline, who barred his children and grandchildren from the house.

Throughout his life, Picasso had rigorously adhered to a doctor’s advice to always have ‘plenty of sex and red wine’.

But in 1966, aged 85, he developed prostate problems, which was devastating for one so priapic.

He died aged 92 in April 1973 with Jacqueline at his side. A statue of Marie Thérèse, perhaps his greatest love, was placed over his grave. Four years later, she hanged herself, unable to bear the world without him. Jacqueline turned to drink and in 1986, bereft without her ‘god’, she shot herself.

For all his adoration of women and his inability to live without them, Picasso had brought misery to those who loved him.

It is hard to disagree with Dora Maar, who once told him: ‘As an artist you may be extraordinary, but morally speaking you are worthless.’

■ Picasso and Modern British Art is at Tate Britain until July

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INEZ: We’re meeting Paul and Carol at the museum for the private showing.-

GIL PENDER: OK. Yeah. Right.

INEZ: You know, Paul happens to be an expert in Monet,so you’ll find it enlightening, I think.Yeah.

GIL PENDER: OK.Let’s get some culture.

PAUL: The juxtaposition of color is amazing.This man was the real father of abstract expressionism.I take that back. Maybe Turner.I mean, I love Turner,but, I just find this…overwhelming.If I’m not mistaken, it took him 2 years to complete this.He worked out of Giverny,where he was frequently.

GIL PENDER: ..I heard that Monet, one of thethings that he used to try to…

INEZ: Shh! I’m trying to hear Paul say it.

PAUL: Well, he was frequently visited by Caillebotte,an artist who I personally feel was underrated.Ah. Now.Here’s a superb Picasso.If I’m not mistaken, he painted this marvelous portrait of his French mistress Madeleine Brissou in the ’20s.

GIL PENDER: Paul, I’m gonna have to differ with you on this one.-

INEZ: Really.- Gil, just pay attention.You might learn something.

GIL PENDER: OK, well, if I’m not mistaken,this was a failed attempt to capture a young French girl named Adriana,from Bordeaux, if my art history serves me,who came to Paris to study costume design for the theater.I’m pretty sure she had an affairwith Modigliani, then Braque,which is how Pablo met her. Picasso.Of course, what you don’t getfrom this portrait is the subtlety,and her beauty. She was just a knock-out.

INEZ: What have you been smoking?

GIL PENDER: I’d hardly call this picture marvelous,it’s more of apetit-bourgeois statement on how Pablo sees her. Saw her.He’s distracted by the fact that she was a absolute volcano in the sack.

This series deals with the Book of Ecclesiastes and Woody Allen films.  The first post  dealt with MAGIC IN THE MOONLIGHT and it dealt with the fact that in the Book of Ecclesiastes Solomon does contend like Hobbes  and Stanley that life is “nasty, brutish and short” and as a result has no meaning UNDER THE SUN.

The movie MIDNIGHT IN PARIS offers many of the same themes we see in Ecclesiastes. The second post looked at the question: WAS THERE EVER A GOLDEN AGE AND DID THE MOST TALENTED UNIVERSAL MEN OF THAT TIME FIND TRUE SATISFACTION DURING IT?

In the third post in this series we discover in Ecclesiastes that man UNDER THE SUN finds himself caught in the never ending cycle of birth and death. The SURREALISTS make a leap into the area of nonreason in order to get out of this cycle and that is why the scene in MIDNIGHT IN PARIS with Salvador Dali, Man Ray, and Luis Bunuel works so well!!!! These surrealists look to the area of their dreams to find a meaning for their lives and their break with reality is  only because they know that they can’t find a rational meaning in life without God in the picture.

The fourth post looks at the solution of WINE, WOMEN AND SONG and the fifth and sixth posts look at the solution T.S.Eliot found in the Christian Faith and how he left his fragmented message of pessimism behind. In the seventh post the SURREALISTS say that time and chance is all we have but how can that explain love or art and the hunger for God? The eighth  post looks at the subject of DEATH both in Ecclesiastes and MIDNIGHT IN PARIS. In the ninth post we look at the nihilistic worldview of Woody Allen and why he keeps putting suicides into his films.

In the tenth post I show how Woody Allen pokes fun at the brilliant thinkers of this world and how King Solomon did the same thing 3000 years ago. In the eleventh post I point out how many of Woody Allen’s liberal political views come a lack of understanding of the sinful nature of man and where it originated. In the twelfth post I look at the mannishness of man and vacuum in his heart that can only be satisfied by a relationship with God.

In the thirteenth post we look at the life of Ernest Hemingway as pictured in MIDNIGHT AND PARIS and relate it to the change of outlook he had on life as the years passed. In the fourteenth post we look at Hemingway’s idea of Paris being a movable  feast. The fifteenth and sixteenth posts both compare Hemingway’s statement, “Happiness in intelligent people is the rarest thing I know…”  with Ecclesiastes 2:18 “For in much wisdom is much vexation, and he who increases knowledge increases sorrow.” The seventeenth post looks at these words Woody Allen put into Hemingway’s mouth,  “We fear death because we feel that we haven’t loved well enough or loved at all.”

In MIDNIGHT IN PARIS Hemingway and Gil Pender talk about their literary idol Mark Twain and the eighteenth post is summed up nicely by Kris Hemphill‘swords, “Both Twain and [King Solomon in the Book of Ecclesiastes] voice questions our souls long to have answered: Where does one find enduring meaning, life purpose, and sustainable joy, and why do so few seem to find it? The nineteenth post looks at the tension felt both in the life of Gil Pender (written by Woody Allen) in the movie MIDNIGHT IN PARIS and in Mark Twain’s life and that is when an atheist says he wants to scoff at the idea THAT WE WERE PUT HERE FOR A PURPOSE but he must stay face the reality of  Ecclesiastes 3:11 that says “God has planted eternity in the heart of men…” and  THAT CHANGES EVERYTHING! Therefore, the secular view that there is no such thing as love or purpose looks implausible. The twentieth post examines how Mark Twain discovered just like King Solomon in the Book of Ecclesiastes that there is no explanation  for the suffering and injustice that occurs in life UNDER THE SUN. Solomon actually brought God back into the picture in the last chapter and he looked  ABOVE THE SUN for the books to be balanced and for the tears to be wiped away.

The twenty-first post looks at the words of King Solomon, Woody Allen and Mark Twain that without God in the picture our lives UNDER THE SUN will accomplish nothing that lasts. The twenty-second post looks at King Solomon’s experiment 3000 years that proved that luxuries can’t bring satisfaction to one’s life but we have seen this proven over and over through the ages. Mark Twain lampooned the rich in his book “The Gilded Age” and he discussed  get rich quick fever, but Sam Clemens loved money and the comfort and luxuries it could buy. Likewise Scott Fitzgerald  was very successful in the 1920’s after his publication of THE GREAT GATSBY and lived a lavish lifestyle until his death in 1940 as a result of alcoholism.

In the twenty-third post we look at Mark Twain’s statement that people should either commit suicide or stay drunk if they are “demonstrably wise” and want to “keep their reasoning faculties.” We actually see this play out in the film MIDNIGHT IN PARIS with the character Zelda Fitzgerald. In the twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth posts I look at Mark Twain and the issue of racism. In MIDNIGHT IN PARIS we see the difference between the attitudes concerning race in 1925 Paris and the rest of the world.

The twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth posts are summing up Mark Twain. In the 29th post we ask did MIDNIGHT IN PARIS accurately portray Hemingway’s personality and outlook on life? and in the 30th post the life and views of Hemingway are summed up.

In the 31st post we will observe that just like Solomon Picasso slept with many women. Solomon actually slept with  over 1000 women ( Eccl 2:8, I Kings 11:3), and both men ended their lives bitter against all women.

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The amazing setting and backstory of The #LongestRide Movie

March 1, 2015 by JENNIFER DONOVAN

20th Century Fox invited our writer, Jennifer Donovan, on an expenses-paid set visit to North Carolina for Nicholas Sparks’ new movie, The Longest Ride, in theaters April 10.

Earlier this week, I wrote about my visit to the set of The Longest Ride movie, focusing on the casting and the characters. In this post, I’m going to look at some of the interesting elements of the plot, which made for a great book, but will also look great on screen.

Nicholas Sparks on the Bull-riding Element

One of the great things about this film, but the partnership that Fox had with the PBR to develop this film was like nothing you’ve ever seen. And it was necessary because people who make movies are good at making movies. And every time you see an animal in a movie, that animal is tame or trained, so they go to their spot, and so you know where to put the camera.

You don’t know where that bull is going, so how do you get Scott on the bull? How do you get the angle right? Well, guess who knows How to do that? The PBR, among other things.  So, then Fox can do things that the PBR can’t with the level of quality of the camera. It’s the most realistic stuff. These are real cowboys. They’re from the PBR.

These are the real bulls from the PBR. I mean, you can look up the bull in the PBR. The thing is ranked number three in the world right now. It’s unbelievable.

Art in post-war North Carolina

In my post at 5 Minutes for Books, On Reading Nicholas Sparks for the First Time, I wrote about talking with one of the other bloggers for whom this was her first experience with a Nicholas Sparks novel. One of the things she noted, and that I liked about this novel as well, was the rich backstory and characterization of Ira and Ruth Levinson. The backdrop of art was interesting to me, not only because my daughter is an artist, but because I always love learning about a different culture or hobby or occupation while I’m reading fiction. Between bull riding and art collecting in post-war North Carolina, I learned a lot while reading The Longest Ride.

So, I have this idea for this story, and Ira and Ruth, and I have in my mind that they’re going to collect art. And I’m sitting there thinking, “How am I going to pull this off? I live in North Carolina, right. There’s a nice Jewish couple in North Carolina. If they’re in New York, maybe you could see it happening, right.”
So, I said to myself, “How can I make this seem believable?” So, my first notion was that they were just going to meet an artist who happened to be vacationing in North Carolina, befriend this person, man or woman, go with him to wherever the art scene was, and that’s how they got started.
So, that was my plan. So, I said, “Okay. So, let’s find a North Carolina artist who might have been around in the ’40s, ’50s. So, I Google like literally “North Carolina artists in the 1940s,” or something.
And boom, up pops Black Mountain College. And it turns out that Black Mountain College was this experimental college, ran for about 24 years in the 1930s to, I think, 1956 or 1957.
And it was the center of the modern art movement for American painters. Everyone from Willem de Kooning was there, to Rauschenberg, to Franz Kline, to Pat Passlof.
I mean, De Kooning’s paintings, they go for $350 million. He’s over here teaching at Black Mountain College. Buckminster Fuller was there. Robert DeNiro’s father, who was a very famous artist, he was a graduate of Black Mountain College.
Came in, they did painting and sculpture, whatever they did. And it was there, and it was a couple of hours away.
So, there I’m writing, I’m looking for an artist, and I find out that this key element that I need to make the art collecting believable, that center was like two hours from where I placed them originally.
I was like, “Wow.” So, I called my agent and I said, “You are not going to believe this. You are not going to believe what I just found.” And so, of course, then I learned all I could about Black Mountain College.

__

My first post in this series was on the composer John Cage and my second post was on Susan Weil and Robert Rauschenberg who were good friend of Cage. The third post in this series was on Jorge Fick. Earlier we noted that  Fick was a student at Black Mountain College and an artist that lived in New York and he lent a suit to the famous poet Dylan Thomas and Thomas died in that suit.

The fourth post in this series is on the artist  Xanti Schawinsky and he had a great influence on John Cage who  later taught at Black Mountain College. Schawinsky taught at Black Mountain College from 1936-1938 and Cage right after World War II. In the fifth post I discuss David Weinrib and his wife Karen Karnes who were good friends with John Cage and they all lived in the same community. In the 6th post I focus on Vera B. William and she attended Black Mountain College where she met her first husband Paul and they later  co-founded the Gate Hill Cooperative Community and Vera served as a teacher for the community from 1953-70. John Cage and several others from Black Mountain College also lived in the Community with them during the 1950’s. In the 7th post I look at the life and work of M.C.Richards who also was part of the Gate Hill Cooperative Community and Black Mountain College.

OVER THE YEARS, MANY WORLD-CLASS DESIGNERS AND EDUCATORS HAVE MADE THEIR MARK ON THE DEPARTMENT EITHER AS LECTURERS OR AS VISITING INSTRUCTORS, INCLUDING FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, LOUIS KAHN, AND BUCKMINSTER FULLER, PICTURED HERE (CENTER) COLLABORATING WITH UC BERKELEY STUDENTS AND FACULTY ON HIS “FLY’S EYE” PROJECT. (COURTESY OF PROF. EMERITUS CLAUDE STOLLER.)

Allegra Fuller Snyder – Black Mountain: The Start of a Critical Path

___________________

Great group of pictures:

The Dome Model with Si Sillman (bending), Buckminster Fuller, Elaine de Kooning, Roger Lovelace, and Josef Albers (left);  Albert Lanier laying the strips (center); Unidentified person and Paul Williams connecting the points. Photographs: Beaumont Newhall. Courtesy of the Beaumont and Nancy Newhall Estate, Scheinbaum and Russek Ltd., Santa Fe, New Mexico. © Beaumont and Nancy Newhall Estate.

	.
Willie Joseph, Elaine de Kooning, Si Sillman, Buckminster Fuller, and unidentifed woman survey the project (left); a valiant effort to raise the dome (right.Photographs: Beaumont Newhall. Photograph:Photographs: Beaumont Newhall. Courtesy of the Beaumont and Nancy Newhall Estate, Scheinbaum and Russek Ltd., Santa Fe, New Mexico. © Beaumont and Nancy Newhall Estate.
Buckminster Fuller’s project for the 1948 summer was construction of his first dome, a 31-great-circle structure with a forty-eight foot diameter, a height of twenty-three feet, and an area of fifteen hundred square feet. It was to weigh less than 270 pounds. The students measured the strips and computed the tensile strength of each unit. Each strip was coded and the points marked where they would meet. On a rainy day Fuller and his students gathered in a grassy area. The rest of the community watched from the Studies Building or the nearby FHA units as the class began to connect the points on the strips. When the dome did not rise, it was named the Supine Dome by – as the story is told – Elaine de Kooning, a member of the class. Robert W. Marks in The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller (1960) wrote that Fuller, who was concerned with critical capacities of structures and wished to avoid overbuilding, “intentionally designed this structure so that its delicate system gently collapsed as it neared completion.” Fuller then, according to Marks, added additional strips until it assumed a dome form. In fact, this did not happen. Fuller did, however, reassure his class that “failure” is a part of the process of inventing, and success is achieved when one stops failing, a valuable lesson for the young students. Some recall that Fuller realized the dome would not rise but decided nevertheless to go ahead and complete the class project.

Buckminster Fuller
Date/place of birth: 12 July 1895 Milton, Massachusetts Date/place of death: 1 July 1983 Los Angeles, California Relationship to the college: Guest Faculty 1948 Summer Session in the Arts Director and Guest Faculty 1949 Art InstituteProfession: Inventor Engineer LecturerINTERNAL LINKS		When Chicago architect Bertrand Goldberg, who had agreed to teach at the 1948 summer session at Black Mountain, had to cancel at the last minute, he recommended Buckminster Fuller as a replacement. Despite Albers’s reservations about inviting an unknown person at the last minute, he extended the invitation, and Fuller arrived two weeks after the session opened. Only two days later, Albers wrote to Goldberg thanking him for sending Fuller, who the previous evening had given a three-hour lecture. The college hoped he would return. In 1948 Fuller was at a turning point in his life. His Dymaxion Dwelling Unit (Wichita House), though hailed as a low-cost solution to the postwar housing crisis, had, like his previous Dymaxion inventions, never reached production. In the meantime, he had immersed himself in a study of the geometry of geodesics, a term that describes an arc of intercrossing great circles on a spherical form. His first application of this geometry was the Dymaxion World Map – a map which when flattened minimized the distortion of land and water masses. The map received a patent in 1946. Buckminster Fuller, 1948. Photograph by Hazel Larsen Archer. The dome in the upper left corner is the model for the “supine” dome. Permission Erika Zarow. The second application of geodesic geometry to a specific project was the creation of hemispherical domes which could be used as houses or span vast areas. The project for the summer of 1948 was construction of his first dome based on geodesic geometry. When the dome of Venetian blind strips did not rise as predicted, it was christened the Supine Dome. (Supine Dome) The summer at Black Mountain was Fuller’s first teaching experience and it took place at a critical moment in his career. Most of the community sat in on his classes and students as well as many faculty were captivated not only by his presentation of geodesic geometry but also by his vision for a world in which technology would provide solutions to the worlds problems of housing, hunger and other dilemmas. Among the students officially registered in Fuller’s class were four who would become architects and designer/builders: Albert Lanier, Lu Lubroth, Warren Outten, and Paul Williams as well as a young art student from Oregon, Kenneth Snelson. The summer at Black Mountain was one of the college’s most successful. The guest faculty included, besides Fuller, John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Willem de Kooning, Richard Lippold, Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., and Beaumont Newhall. Besides teaching his class in architecture, Fuller played the role of the Baron Medusa in the production of Erik Satie’s Le Piège de Méduse directed by a student Arthur Penn. Fuller spent the winter teaching at the Institute of Design in Chicago where he lived with Warren Outten and Mary Phelan Outten (Bowles), two Black Mountain students from the 1948 summer. At Black Mountain over the 1948-49 winter a crisis culminated in the resignations of Theodore Dreier, the last of the college founders, along with Josef and Anni Albers and other members of the arts faculty. On the recommendation of Josef Albers, the remaining faculty asked Fuller to return to direct the 1949 summer session. Fuller accepted and invited as summer faculty Chicago friends and colleagues: Emerson and Diana Woelffer, John and Jano Walley, and two Indian dancers, Vashi and Pra-Veena. He also brought a group of students, his “Twelve Disciples” (Black Mountain designation): Louis Caviani, Arthur Boericke, Eugene Godfrey, Mary Jo Slick Godfrey, Joseph Manulik, Alan Lindsay, Jeffrey Lindsay, Ysidore Martinez, Donald Richter, Robert Richter, Masato Nakagawa, and Harold Young. The plan for the summer was to continue work on the Autonomous Dwelling Facility with a Geodesic Structure which Fuller and his students had designed at the Institute of Design. He brought with him a small model showing the dome and enclosed house. The dome, which could be collapsed and moved, provided a controlled environment; the house could also be collapsed into a trailer-like form and transported. The project for the summer was to make and test an double-walled plastic cover for the dome. (Autonomous Dwelling Unit) The second project was to cast fibreglass forms for a different dome. Each form was to have a compound curvature (both concave and complex). A plaster mold was made and then laid with fibreglass cloth laminated with resin. Unfortunately, in the heat and humidity of the summer, the fibreglass would not dry, and the project was abandoned. Students (left to right): Joseph Manulik, Eugene Godfrey, Mary Jo Godfrey, Jerry Levy. Photograph Kenneth Snelson. Fuller’s two summers at Black Mountain were to have far-reaching influence. Among other things, he attributed his considerable success in lecturing to Arthur Penn, a young student who was later to become a successful director of film and stage. Penn had used techniques to help Fuller forget himself and assume the role of another character. The friendships formed in the summer of 1948 with John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Ruth Asawa, Theodore and Barbara Dreier, and Josef and Anni Albers were to last a life-time. The Institute of Design students were to form the core of those involved in the further development of Fuller’s domes. Among the visitors in the summer of 1948 was James Fitzgibbon who had taught with Henry Kamphoefner at the University of Oklahoma. Kamphoefner had been invited to head the newly formed School of Architecture (presently, School of Design) at the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering (presently, North Carolina State University) in Raleigh, North Carolina. Fitzgibbon was to join him there. As part of his program to modernize and revitalize the curriculum, Kamphoefner planned to invite esteemed guest lecturers. Fitzgibbon recommended Fuller, and Fuller gave his first lectures in Raleigh in March 1949. In later years faculty assisted Fuller with technological and design assistance for the domes. James Fitzgibbbon was a Fellow in the Fuller Research Foundation, and in 1955 he started his own firm Synergetics Inc. in Raleigh. (David Louis Sterrett Brook, Henry Leveke Kamphoefner, the Modernist, Dean of the North Carolina State University School of Design 1948-1972 © Draft manuscript, May 1, 2007)

Great article:

1949. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) was one of the most inventive, influential, and inspiring figures of the 20th century. Through his ideas and inventions, his teaching and lecturing around the globe, he influenced current thought in a wide variety of fields, including commercial and industrial design, mathematics, the sciences, the arts and architecture. His basic approach was to apply both scientific knowledge and creativity to think “outside the box” when attempting to solve practical problems. Bucky’s foremost concern was to find ways to “do more with less” and to use resources most efficiently to serve humanity. He invented the term “Spaceship Earth” to encourage people to see the entire world as one interdependent system. During his life and career, Fuller was awarded 25 U.S. patents, wrote 28 books, received 47 honorary doctorate degrees, circled the Earth 57 times consulting and lecturing, and received dozens of major architectural and design awards along with the prestigious Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in America. Buckminster Fuller taught at Black Mountain College in the summers of 1948 and 1949, and he served as the Director of the BMC Summer Institute in 1949.

{mosimage}The exhibition IDEAS+ INVENTIONS: Buckminster Fuller and Black Mountain College will include two-dimensional and three-dimensional works that present and explore Fuller’s ideas. Also included in the show will be photographs taken of him and his students at Black Mountain College during the summers of 1948 and 1949, a Dymaxion map, and an autographed drawing of a geodesic dome. People can assemble models based on Fuller’s inventions and fully experience his genius in a special hands-on area.

In working with architectural forms, Fuller realized that virtually all traditional building had been based on the rectangle as a fundamental structural unit. He discovered, however, that the most stable structural form is not the rectangle but the triangle. The geodesic dome is therefore constructed of any number of equilateral triangles connected at angles to one another to form a dome, which is actually one-half of a sphere. The word “geodesic” is used to describe the geometry of curved surfaces. This building form is scalable to any size, so that anything from a child’s toy to the 20-story high dome built in Montreal for the 1967 World’s Fair is based on exactly the same principle. The dome uses the “doing more with less” idea in that it encloses the largest volume of interior space with the least amount of surface area thus saving on materials and cost. At Black Mountain College in 1948 and ’49, Fuller and students spent a great deal of time working on the design and construction of geodesic domes. In 1948, their attempt to build the first large-scale dome (with venetian blind strips!) failed, and the structure was subsequently referred to as the “Supine Dome”. The next summer, with sturdier materials, they were successful. Photographs from both of these endeavors will be on view in the exhibition.

The Black Mountain College Museum and Arts Center is located at 56 Broadway in downtown Asheville. Hours are 12-4 pm Wednesday through Saturday and by appointment.

Buckminster Fuller

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the EP by Nerina Pallot, see Buckminster Fuller EP.

Buckminster Fuller
Born	Richard Buckminster Fuller July 12, 1895 Milton, Massachusetts, United States
Died	July 1, 1983 (aged 87) Los Angeles, United States
Occupation	Designer, author, inventor
Spouse(s)	Anne Hewlett (m. 1917)

Richard Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller (/ˈfʊlər/; July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983)^[1] was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, and inventor.

Fuller published more than 30 books, coining or popularizing terms such as “Spaceship Earth“, ephemeralization, and synergetic. He also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres.

Buckminster Fuller was the second president of Mensa from 1974 to 1983.^[2]

Guinea Pig B:

I AM NOW CLOSE TO 88 and I am confident that the only thing important about me is that I am an average healthy human. I am also a living case history of a thoroughly documented, half-century, search-and-research project designed to discover what, if anything, an unknown, moneyless individual, with a dependent wife and newborn child, might be able to do effectively on behalf of all humanity that could not be accomplished by great nations, great religions or private enterprise, no matter how rich or powerfully armed.
— Bucky Fuller, 1983^[3]

Buckminster Fuller – Best Interview (1974)

Biography[edit]

Fuller was born on July 12, 1895, in Milton, Massachusetts, the son of Richard Buckminster Fuller and Caroline Wolcott Andrews, and also the grandnephew of the American Transcendentalist Margaret Fuller. He attended Froebelian Kindergarten.^{[citation needed]} Spending much of his youth on Bear Island, in Penobscot Bay off the coast of Maine, he had trouble with geometry, being unable to understand the abstraction necessary to imagine that a chalk dot on the blackboard represented a mathematical point, or that an imperfectly drawn line with an arrow on the end was meant to stretch off to infinity. He often made items from materials he brought home from the woods, and sometimes made his own tools. He experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats. By the age of 12 he had “invented” a ‘push pull’ system for propelling a row boat through the use of an inverted umbrella connected to the transom with a simple oar lock which allowed the user to face forward to point the boat toward its destination. Later in life Fuller took exception to the term “invention”.

Years later, he decided that this sort of experience had provided him with not only an interest in design, but also a habit of being familiar with and knowledgeable about the materials that his later projects would require. Fuller earned a machinist’scertification, and knew how to use the press brake, stretch press, and other tools and equipment used in the sheet metal trade.^[4]

Education[edit]

Fuller attended Milton Academy in Massachusetts, and after that began studying at Harvard University, where he was affiliated with Adams House. He was expelled from Harvard twice: first for spending all his money partying with a vaudeville troupe, and then, after having been readmitted, for his “irresponsibility and lack of interest.” By his own appraisal, he was a non-conforming misfit in the fraternity environment.^[4]

Wartime experience[edit]

Between his sessions at Harvard, Fuller worked in Canada as a mechanic in a textile mill, and later as a laborer in the meat-packing industry. He also served in the U.S. Navy in World War I, as a shipboard radio operator, as an editor of a publication, and as a crash rescue boat commander. After discharge, he worked again in the meat packing industry, acquiring management experience. In 1917, he married Anne Hewlett. During the early 1920s, he and his father-in-law developed the Stockade Building System for producing light-weight, weatherproof, and fireproof housing—although the company would ultimately fail^[4] in 1927.^[5]

Depression and epiphany[edit]

Buckminster Fuller recalled 1927 as a pivotal year of his life. Fuller was still feeling responsible for the death of his daughter Alexandra, who had died in 1922 from complications from polio and spinal meningitis^[6] just prior to her fourth birthday.^[7] Fuller felt a personal responsibility for her death, wondering if her death may have been caused by the Fullers’ damp and drafty living conditions.^[7] This provided motivation for Fuller’s involvement in Stockade Building Systems, a business which aimed to provide affordable, efficient housing.^[7]

In 1927 Fuller, then aged 32, lost his job as president of Stockade. The Fuller family had no savings to fall back upon, and the birth of their daughter Allegra in 1927 added to the financial challenges. Fuller was drinking heavily and reflecting upon the solution to his family’s struggles on long walks around Chicago. During the autumn of 1927, Fuller contemplated suicide, so that his family could benefit from a life insurance payment.^[8]

Fuller said that he had experienced a profound incident which would provide direction and purpose for his life. He felt as though he was suspended several feet above the ground enclosed in a white sphere of light. A voice spoke directly to Fuller, and declared:

From now on you need never await temporal attestation to your thought. You think the truth. You do not have the right to eliminate yourself. You do not belong to you. You belong to Universe. Your significance will remain forever obscure to you, but you may assume that you are fulfilling your role if you apply yourself to converting your experiences to the highest advantage of others.^[9]

Fuller stated that this experience led to a profound re-examination of his life. He ultimately chose to embark on “an experiment, to find what a single individual [could] contribute to changing the world and benefiting all humanity.”^[10]

Speaking to audiences later in life, Fuller would regularly recount the story of his Lake Michigan experience, and its transformative impact on his life.^[7] Historians have been unable to identify direct evidence for this experience within the 1927 papers of Fuller’s Chronofile archives, housed at Stanford University. Stanford historian Barry Katz suggests that the suicide story may be a myth which Fuller constructed later in life, to summarize this formative period of his career.^[11]

Recovery[edit]

In 1927 Fuller resolved to think independently which included a commitment to “the search for the principles governing the universe and help advance the evolution of humanity in accordance with them… finding ways of doing more with less to the end that all people everywhere can have more and more.”^{[citation needed]} By 1928, Fuller was living in Greenwich Village and spending much of his time at the popular café Romany Marie‘s,^[12] where he had spent an evening in conversation with Marie andEugene O’Neill several years earlier.^[13] Fuller accepted a job decorating the interior of the café in exchange for meals,^[12] giving informal lectures several times a week,^[13][14] and models of the Dymaxion house were exhibited at the café. Isamu Noguchiarrived during 1929—Constantin Brâncuși, an old friend of Marie’s,^[15] had directed him there^[12]—and Noguchi and Fuller were soon collaborating on several projects,^[14][16] including the modeling of the Dymaxion car based on recent work by Aurel Persu.^[17] It was the beginning of their lifelong friendship.

Geodesic domes[edit]

Fuller taught at Black Mountain College in North Carolina during the summers of 1948 and 1949,^[18] serving as its Summer Institute director in 1949. There, with the support of a group of professors and students, he began reinventing a project that would make him famous: the geodesic dome. Although the geodesic dome had been created some 30 years earlier by Dr. Walther Bauersfeld, Fuller was awarded United States patents. He is credited for popularizing this type of structure.

One of his early models was first constructed in 1945 at Bennington College in Vermont, where he frequently lectured. In 1949, he erected his first geodesic dome building that could sustain its own weight with no practical limits. It was 4.3 meters (14 feet) in diameter and constructed of aluminium aircraft tubing and a vinyl-plastic skin, in the form of an icosahedron. To prove his design, Fuller suspended from the structure’s framework several students who had helped him build it. The U.S. government recognized the importance of his work, and employed his firm Geodesics, Inc. in Raleigh, North Carolina to make small domes for the Marines. Within a few years there were thousands of these domes around the world.

Fuller began working with architect Shoji Sadao in 1954, and in 1964 they co-founded the architectural firm Fuller & Sadao Inc., whose first project was to design the large geodesic dome for the U.S. Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal.^[19] Fuller’s first “continuous tension – discontinuous compression” geodesic dome (full sphere in this case) was constructed at the University of Oregon Architecture School in 1959 with the help of students.^[20] These continuous tension – discontinuous compression structures featured single force compression members (no flexure or bending moments) that did not touch each other and were ‘suspended’ by the tensional members.

Best-known work[edit]

For the next half-century, Fuller developed many ideas, designs and inventions, particularly regarding practical, inexpensive shelter and transportation. He documented his life, philosophy and ideas scrupulously by a daily diary (later called the Dymaxion Chronofile), and by twenty-eight publications. Fuller financed some of his experiments with inherited funds, sometimes augmented by funds invested by his collaborators, one example being the Dymaxion car project.

World stage[edit]

The Montreal Biosphère by Buckminster Fuller, 1967

International recognition began with the success of huge geodesic domes during the 1950s. Fuller lectured at NC State University in Raleigh in 1949, where he met James Fitzgibbon, who would become a close friend and colleague. Fitzgibbon was director of Geodesics, Inc. and Synergetics, Inc. the first licensees to design geodesic domes. Thomas C. Howard was lead designer, architect and engineer for both companies. In 1964 Fuller co-founded the architectural firm Fuller & Sadao Inc., with Shoji Sadao.^[19] From 1959 to 1970, Fuller taught at Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIU). Beginning as an assistant professor, he gained full professorship in 1968, in the School of Art and Design. Working as a designer, scientist, developer, and writer, he lectured for many years around the world. He collaborated at SIU with the designer John McHale. In 1965, Fuller inaugurated the World Design Science Decade (1965 to 1975) at the meeting of the International Union of Architects in Paris, which was, in his own words, devoted to “applying the principles of science to solving the problems of humanity.” Later in his SIU tenure, Fuller was also a visiting professor at SIU Edwardsville, where he designed the dome for the campus Religious Center.^[21]

Fuller believed human societies would soon rely mainly on renewable sources of energy, such as solar- and wind-derived electricity. He hoped for an age of “omni-successful education and sustenance of all humanity.” Fuller referred to himself as “the property of universe” and during one radio interview he gave later in life, declared himself and his work “the property of all humanity”. For his lifetime of work, theAmerican Humanist Association named him the 1969 Humanist of the Year.

In 1976, Fuller was a key participant at UN Habitat I, the first UN forum on human settlements.

Honors[edit]

Fuller was awarded 28 United States patents^[22] and many honorary doctorates. In 1960, he was awarded the Frank P. Brown Medal from The Franklin Institute. Fuller was elected as an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1967, on the occasion of the 50th year reunion of his Harvard class of 1917 (from which he was expelled in his first year).^[23][24] He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968.^[25] In 1968 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1970. In 1970 he received the Gold Medal award from the American Institute of Architects. He also received numerous other awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom presented to him on February 23, 1983 by President Ronald Reagan.

Last filmed appearance[edit]

Fuller’s last filmed interview took place on April 3, 1983, in which he presented his analysis of Simon Rodia‘s Watts Towers as a unique embodiment of the structural principles found in nature. Portions of this interview appear in I Build the Tower, a documentary film on Rodia’s architectural masterpiece.

Death[edit]

Gravestone (see trim tab)

Fuller died on July 1, 1983, 11 days before his 88th birthday. During the period leading up to his death, his wife had been lying comatose in a Los Angeles hospital, dying of cancer. It was while visiting her there that he exclaimed, at a certain point: “She is squeezing my hand!” He then stood up, suffered a heart attack, and died an hour later, at age 87. His wife of 66 years died 36 hours later. They are buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Philosophy and worldview[edit]

The grandson of Unitarian minister Arthur Buckminster Fuller,^[26] R. Buckminster Fuller was also Unitarian.^[27] Buckminster Fuller was an early environmental activist. He was very aware of the finite resources the planet has to offer, and promoted a principle that he termed “ephemeralization“, which, in essence—according to futurist and Fuller disciple Stewart Brand—Fuller coined to mean “doing more with less”.^[28]Resources and waste material from cruder products could be recycled into making more valuable products, increasing the efficiency of the entire process. Fuller also introduced synergetics, an encompassing term which he used broadly as a metaphoric language for communicating experiences using geometric concepts and, more specifically, to reference the empirical study of systems in transformation, with an emphasis on total system behavior unpredicted by the behavior of any isolated components. Fuller coined this term long before the term synergy became popular.

Fuller was a pioneer in thinking globally, and he explored principles of energy and material efficiency in the fields of architecture, engineering and design.^[29][30] He cited François de Chardenedes’ opinion that petroleum, from the standpoint of its replacement cost out of our current energy “budget” (essentially, the net incoming solar flux), had cost nature “over a million dollars” per U.S. gallon (US$300,000 per litre) to produce. From this point of view, its use as a transportation fuel by people commuting to work represents a huge net loss compared to their earnings.^[31] An encapsulation quotation of his views might be, “There is no energy crisis, only a crisis of ignorance.”^[32][33][34]

Fuller was concerned about sustainability and about human survival under the existing socio-economic system, yet remained optimistic about humanity’s future. Defining wealth in terms of knowledge, as the “technological ability to protect, nurture, support, and accommodate all growth needs of life,” his analysis of the condition of “Spaceship Earth” caused him to conclude that at a certain time during the 1970s, humanity had attained an unprecedented state. He was convinced that the accumulation of relevant knowledge, combined with the quantities of major recyclable resources that had already been extracted from the earth, had attained a critical level, such that competition for necessities was not necessary anymore. Cooperation had become the optimum survival strategy. “Selfishness,” he declared, “is unnecessary and hence-forth unrationalizable…. War is obsolete.”^[35] He criticized previous utopian schemes as too exclusive, and thought this was a major source of their failure. To work, he thought that a utopia needed to include everyone.^[36]

So it is not surprising that he and others of his stature were attracted by Korzybski‘s ideas in general semantics. General semantics is a discipline of mind that seeks to unify persons and nations by changing their worldview reaction and the philosophy of their expression. In the 1950s Fuller attended seminars and workshops organized by the Institute of General Semantics, and he delivered the annual Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture in 1955.^[37] Korzybski is mentioned in the Introduction of his bookSynergetics. The two gentlemen shared a remarkable amount of similarity in their formulations of general semantics.^[38]

In his 1970 book I Seem To Be a Verb, he wrote: “I live on Earth at present, and I don’t know what I am. I know that I am not a category. I am not a thing—a noun. I seem to be a verb, an evolutionary process—an integral function of the universe.”

Fuller wrote that the natural analytic geometry of the universe was based on arrays of tetrahedra. He developed this in several ways, from the close-packing of spheres and the number of compressive or tensile members required to stabilize an object in space. One confirming result was that the strongest possible homogeneous truss is cyclically tetrahedral.^[39]

He had become a guru of the design, architecture, and ‘alternative’ communities, such as Drop City, the community of experimental artists to whom he awarded the 1966 “Dymaxion Award” for “poetically economic” domed living structures.

Major design projects[edit]

A geodesic sphere

The geodesic dome[edit]

Fuller was most famous for his lattice shell structures – geodesic domes, which have been used as parts of military radar stations, civic buildings, environmental protest camps and exhibition attractions. An examination of the geodesic design by Walther Bauersfeld for the Zeiss-Planetarium, built some 20 years prior to Fuller’s work, reveals that Fuller’s Geodesic Dome patent (U.S. 2,682,235; awarded in 1954), follows the same design as Bauersfeld’s.^[40]

Their construction is based on extending some basic principles to build simple “tensegrity” structures (tetrahedron, octahedron, and the closest packing of spheres), making them lightweight and stable. The geodesic dome was a result of Fuller’s exploration of nature’s constructing principles to find design solutions. The Fuller Dome is referenced in the Hugo Award-winning novel Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner, in which a geodesic dome is said to cover the entire island of Manhattan, and it floats on air due to the hot-air balloon effect of the large air-mass under the dome (and perhaps its construction of lightweight materials).^[41]

Transportation[edit]

Main article: Dymaxion car

The Omni-Media-Transport:
With such a vehicle at our disposal, [Fuller] felt that human travel, like that of birds, would nolonger be confined to airports, roads, and other bureaucratic boundaries, and that autonomous free-thinking human beings could live and prosper wherever they chose.^[42]
— Lloyd S. Sieden, Bucky Fuller’s Universe, 2000

To his young daughter Allegra:
Fuller described the Dymaxion as a “zoom-mobile, explaining that it could hop off the road at will, fly about, then, as deftly as a bird, settle back into a place in traffic.”^[43]

The Dymaxion car, c.1933, artist Diego Riverashown entering the car, carrying coat

The Dymaxion car was a vehicle designed by Fuller, featured prominently at Chicago’s 1933-1934 Century of Progress World’s Fair.^[44] During the Great Depression, Fuller formed the Dymaxion Corporationand built three prototypes with noted naval architect Starling Burgess and a team of 27 workmen — using gifted money as well as a family inheritance.^[45][46]

Fuller associated the word Dymaxion with much of his work, a portmanteau of the words dynamic, maximum, and tension^[47] to sum up the goal of his study, “maximum gain of advantage from minimal energy input.”^[48]

The Dymaxion was not an automobile per se, but rather the ‘ground-taxying mode’ of a vehicle that might one day be designed to fly, land and drive — an “Omni-Medium Transport” for air, land and water.^[49] Fuller focused on the landing and taxiing qualities, and noted severe limitations in its handling. The team made constant improvements and refinements to the platform,^[42] and Fuller noted the Dymaxion “was an invention that could not be made available to the general public without considerable improvements.”^[42]

The bodywork was aerodynamically designed for increased fuel efficiency and speed as well as light weight, and its platform featured a lightweight cromoly-steel hinged chassis, rear-mounted V8 engine, front-drive and three-wheels. The vehicle was steered via the third wheel at the rear, capable of 90° steering lock. Thus able to steer in a tight circle, the Dymaxion often caused a sensation, bringing nearby traffic to a halt.^[50][51]

Shortly after launch, a prototype crashed after being hit by another car, killing the Dymaxion’s driver.^[52] The other car was driven by a local politician and was illegally removed from the accident scene, leaving reporters who arrived subsequently to blame the Dymaxion’s unconventional design^[53] — though investigations exonerated the prototype.^[52] Fuller would himself later crash another prototype with his young daughter aboard.

Despite courting the interest of important figures from the auto industry, Fuller used his family inheritance to finish the second and third prototypes^[54] — eventually selling all three, dissolving Dymaxion Corporation and maintaining the Dymaxion was never intended as a commercial venture.^[55] One of the three original prototypes survives.

Housing[edit]

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010)

A Dymaxion house at The Henry Ford

Fuller’s energy-efficient and inexpensive Dymaxion house garnered much interest, but has never been produced. Here the term “Dymaxion” is used in effect to signify a “radically strong and light tensegrity structure”. One of Fuller’s Dymaxion Houses is on display as a permanent exhibit at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, Michigan. Designed and developed during the mid-1940s, this prototype is a round structure (not a dome), shaped something like the flattened “bell” of certain jellyfish. It has several innovative features, including revolving dresser drawers, and a fine-mist shower that reduces water consumption. According to Fuller biographer Steve Crooks, the house was designed to be delivered in two cylindrical packages, with interior color panels available at local dealers. A circular structure at the top of the house was designed to rotate around a central mast to use natural winds for cooling and air circulation.

Conceived nearly two decades before, and developed in Wichita, Kansas, the house was designed to be lightweight and adapted to windy climates. It was to be inexpensive to produce and purchase, and assembled easily. It was to be produced using factories, workers, and technologies that had produced World War II aircraft. It was ultramodern-looking at the time, built of metal, and sheathed in polished aluminum. The basic model enclosed 90 m² (970 sq ft) of floor area. Due to publicity, there were many orders during the early Post-War years, but the company that Fuller and others had formed to produce the houses failed due to management problems.

In 1969, Fuller began the Otisco Project, named after its location in Otisco, New York. The project developed and demonstrated concrete spray technology used in conjunction with mesh covered wireforms as a viable means of producing large scale, load bearing spanning structures built on site without the use of pouring molds, other adjacent surfaces or hoisting.

The initial construction method used a circular concrete footing in which anchor posts were set. Tubes cut to length and with ends flattened were then bolted together to form a duodeca-rhombicahedron (22-sided hemisphere) geodesic structure with spans ranging to 60 feet (18 m). The form was then draped with layers of ¼-inch wire mesh attached by twist ties. Concrete was then sprayed onto the structure, building up a solid layer which, when cured, would support additional concrete to be added by a variety of traditional means. Fuller referred to these buildings as monolithic ferroconcrete geodesic domes. The tubular frame form proved too problematic when it came to setting windows and doors, and was abandoned. The second method used iron rebar set vertically in the concrete footing and then bent inward and welded in place to create the dome’s wireform structure and performed satisfactorily. Domes up to three stories tall built with this method proved to be remarkably strong. Other shapes such as cones, pyramids and arches proved equally adaptable.

The project was enabled by a grant underwritten by Syracuse University and sponsored by US Steel (rebar), the Johnson Wire Corp, (mesh) and Portland Cement Company (concrete). The ability to build large complex load bearing concrete spanning structures in free space would open many possibilities in architecture, and is considered as one of Fuller’s greatest contributions.

Dymaxion map and World Game[edit]

Fuller also designed an alternative projection map, called the Dymaxion map. This was designed to show Earth’s continents with minimum distortion when projected or printed on a flat surface. In the 1960s, Fuller developed the World Game, a collaborative simulation game played on a 70-by-35-foot Dymaxion map,^[56] in which players attempt to solve world problems.^[57][58] The object of the simulation game is, in Fuller’s words, to “make the world work, for 100% of humanity, in the shortest possible time, through spontaneous cooperation, without ecological offense or the disadvantage of anyone.”^[59]

Quirks[edit]

Following his global prominence from the 1960s onward, Fuller became a frequent flier, often crossing time zones to lecture in international cities. In the 1960s and 70s, he wore three watches simultaneously; one for the time zone of his office inCarbondale, one for the time zone of the location he would next visit, and one for the time zone he was currently in.^{[60]:290[61][62]} In the 1970s, Fuller was only in ‘homely’ locations (his personal home in Carbondale, Illinois; his holiday retreat in Bear Island, Maine; his daughter’s home in Pacific Palisades, California) roughly 65 nights per year—the other 300 nights were spent in hotel beds in the locations he visited on his lecturing and consulting circuits.^[60]:290

In the 1920s, Fuller experimented with polyphasic sleep, which he called Dymaxion sleep. Inspired by the sleep habits of the animals such as dogs and cats,^[63]:133 Fuller worked until he was tired, and then slept short naps. This generally resulted in Fuller sleeping 30-minute naps every 6 hours.^[60]:160 This allowed Bucky “twenty-two thinking hours a day”, which aided his work productivity.^[60]:160 Fuller reportedly kept this Dymaxion sleep habit for two years, before quitting the routine because it conflicted with his business associates’ sleep habits.^[64] Despite no longer personally partaking in the habit, in 1943 Fuller suggested Dymaxion sleep as a strategy that the United States could adopt to win World War II.^[64]

Despite only practising true polyphasic sleep for a period during the 1920s, Fuller was known for his stamina throughout his life. He was described as “tireless”^[65]:53 by Barry Farrell in Life Magazine, who noted that Fuller stayed up all night replying to mail during Farrell’s 1970 trip to Bear Island.^[65]:55 When he was aged in his seventies, Fuller generally slept for 5–8 hours per night.^[60]:160

Fuller documented his life copiously from 1915 to 1983, approximately 270 feet (82 m) of papers in a collection called the Dymaxion Chronofile. He also kept copies of all incoming and outgoing correspondence. The enormous Fuller Collection is currently housed at Stanford University.

If somebody kept a very accurate record of a human being, going through the era from the Gay 90s, from a very different kind of world through the turn of the century—as far into the twentieth century as you might live. I decided to make myself a good case history of such a human being and it meant that I could not be judge of what was valid to put in or not. I must put everything in, so I started a very rigorous record.^[66][67]

In his youth, Fuller experimented with several ways of presenting himself: R. B. Fuller, Buckminster Fuller, but as an adult finally settled on R. Buckminster Fuller, and signed his letters as such. However, he preferred to be addressed as simply “Bucky”.

Language and neologisms[edit]

Buckminster Fuller spoke and wrote in a unique style and said it was important to describe the world as accurately as possible.^[68] Fuller often created long run-on sentences and used unusual compound words (omniwell-informed, intertransformative, omni-interaccommodative, omniself-regenerative) as well as terms he himself invented.^[69]

Fuller used the word Universe without the definite or indefinite articles (the or a) and always capitalized the word. Fuller wrote that “by Universe I mean: the aggregate of all humanity’s consciously apprehended and communicated (to self or others) Experiences.”^[70]

The words “down” and “up”, according to Fuller, are awkward in that they refer to a planar concept of direction inconsistent with human experience. The words “in” and “out” should be used instead, he argued, because they better describe an object’s relation to a gravitational center, the Earth. “I suggest to audiences that they say, ‘I’m going “outstairs” and “instairs.”‘ At first that sounds strange to them; They all laugh about it. But if they try saying in and out for a few days in fun, they find themselves beginning to realize that they are indeed going inward and outward in respect to the center of Earth, which is our Spaceship Earth. And for the first time they begin to feel real ‘reality.'”^[71]

“World-around” is a term coined by Fuller to replace “worldwide”. The general belief in a flat Earth died out in classical antiquity, so using “wide” is an anachronism when referring to the surface of the Earth—a spheroidal surface has area and encloses a volume but has no width. Fuller held that unthinking use of obsolete scientific ideas detracts from and misleads intuition. Other neologisms collectively invented by the Fuller family, according to Allegra Fuller Snyder, are the terms “sunsight” and “sunclipse”, replacing “sunrise” and “sunset” to overturn the geocentric bias of most pre-copernican celestial mechanics.

Fuller also invented the word “livingry,” as opposed to weaponry (or “killingry”), to mean that which is in support of all human, plant, and Earth life. “The architectural profession—civil, naval, aeronautical, and astronautical—has always been the place where the most competent thinking is conducted regarding livingry, as opposed to weaponry.”^[72]

As well as contributing significantly to the development of tensegrity technology, Fuller invented the term “tensegrity” from tensional integrity. “Tensegrity describes a structural-relationship principle in which structural shape is guaranteed by the finitely closed, comprehensively continuous, tensional behaviors of the system and not by the discontinuous and exclusively local compressional member behaviors. Tensegrity provides the ability to yield increasingly without ultimately breaking or coming asunder.”^[73]

“Dymaxion” is a portmanteau of “dynamic maximum tension”. It was invented about 1929 by two admen at Marshall Field’s department store in Chicago to describe Fuller’s concept house, which was shown as part of a house of the future store display. They created the term utilizing three words that Fuller used repeatedly to describe his design – dynamic, maximum, and ion.^[74]

Fuller also helped to popularize the concept of Spaceship Earth: “The most important fact about Spaceship Earth: an instruction manual didn’t come with it.”^[75]

Concepts and buildings[edit]

His concepts and buildings include:

Dymaxion house (1928) Aerodynamic Dymaxion car (1933) Prefabricated compact bathroom cell (1937) Dymaxion deployment unit (1940) Dymaxion map of the world (1946) Buildings (1943)[clarification needed] Tensegrity structures (1949)

Geodesic dome for Ford Motor Company (1953) Patent on geodesic domes (1954) The World Game (1961) and the World Game Institute (1972) Patent on octet truss (1961) Montreal Biosphère (1967), United States pavilion at Expo 67 Comprehensive anticipatory design science[76][77]

Influence and legacy[edit]

Among the many people who were influenced by Buckminster Fuller are: Constance Abernathy,^[78] Ruth Asawa,^[79] J. Baldwin,^[80][81] Michael Ben-Eli,^[82] Pierre Cabrol,^[83] John Cage, Joseph Clinton,^[84] Peter Floyd,^[82] Medard Gabel,^[85] Michael Hays,^[82]David Johnston,^[86] Robert Kiyosaki,^[87] Peter Jon Pearce,^[82] Shoji Sadao,^[82] Edwin Schlossberg,^[82] Kenneth Snelson,^[79][88][89] Robert Anton Wilson^[90] and Stewart Brand.^[91]

An allotrope of carbon, fullerene—and a particular molecule of that allotrope C₆₀ (buckminsterfullerene or buckyball) has been named after him. The Buckminsterfullerene molecule, which consists of 60 carbon atoms, very closely resembles a spherical version of Fuller’s geodesic dome. The 1996 Nobel prize in chemistry was given to Kroto, Curl, and Smalley for their discovery of the fullerene.^[92]

He is quoted in the lyric of “The Tower Of Babble” in the musical “Godspell:” “Man is a complex of patterns and processes.”^[93]

On July 12, 2004, the United States Post Office released a new commemorative stamp honoring R. Buckminster Fuller on the 50th anniversary of his patent for the geodesic dome and by the occasion of his 109th birthday. The stamp’s design replicated the January 10, 1964 cover of Time Magazine.

Fuller was the subject of two documentary films: The World of Buckminster Fuller (1971) and Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud (1996). Additionally, filmmaker Sam Green and the band Yo La Tengo collaborated on a 2012 “live documentary” about Fuller, The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller.^[94]

In June 2008, the Whitney Museum of American Art presented “Buckminster Fuller: Starting with the Universe”, the most comprehensive retrospective to date of his work and ideas.^[95] The exhibition traveled to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicagoin 2009. It presented a combination of models, sketches, and other artifacts, representing six decades of the artist’s integrated approach to housing, transportation, communication, and cartography. It also featured the extensive connections with Chicago from his years spent living, teaching, and working in the city.^[96]

In 2012, The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art hosted “The Utopian Impulse” – a show about Buckminster Fuller’s influence in the Bay Area. Featured were concepts, inventions and designs for creating “free energy” from natural forces, and for sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. The show ran January through July.^[97]

• 1895 births
• 1983 deaths
• American architects
• American architecture writers
• American diarists
• American industrial designers
• American inventors
• Geodesic domes
• American military personnel of World War I
• American non-fiction environmental writers
• American technology writers
• Bates College alumni
• Buckminster Fuller
• Harvard University alumni
• Futurologists
• Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
• Modernist architects
• The Hunger Project
• Milton Academy alumni
• People from Penobscot County, Maine
• Solar building designers
• High-tech architecture
• Modernist architecture
• Organic architecture
• Sustainability advocates
• American systems scientists
• Washington University in St. Louis faculty
• American Unitarians
• Whole Earth
• People from Milton, Massachusetts
• Southern Illinois University Carbondale faculty
• Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
• Black Mountain College faculty
• Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
• Mensans
• People associated with the Human Potential Movement

_________________

Rebecca St. James & Rachel Scott “Blessed Be Your Name”

Rebecca St. James

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rebecca St. James
St. James in 2007
Background information
Birth name	Rebecca Jean Smallbone
Also known as	Rebecca Jean
Born	26 July 1977 (age 38) Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Genres	Christian pop, Christian rock
Occupation(s)	Singer, songwriter, author, actress
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1987–present[1]
Labels	DTS, ForeFront, Beach Street/Reunion[2]
Associated acts	For King & Country
Website	www.rsjames.net

Rebecca Jean Fink (née Smallbone; born 26 July 1977), known professionally as Rebecca Jean or Rebecca St. James is an Australian Christian pop rock singer, songwriter, musician, author, and actress. She began performing in Australia in the late 1980s and released her first full-length studio album in 1991. She was signed to ForeFront Records in 1993 and released her major label debut the following year.

St. James rose to fame in the late 1990s with her RIAA certified Gold albums God and Pray, the latter of which won a Grammy Award in 2000 for Best Rock Gospel Album. The albums spawned multiple singles, including “God“, “Pray”, and “Yes, I Believe in God”. Since then she has established herself as one of the most prominent musical artists in Contemporary Christian music (CCM), with four additional full-length studio albums: Transform, Worship God, If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something, and I Will Praise You. Staple songs such as “Wait for Me“, “Reborn“, “Song of Love“, “I Thank You”, “Alive“, and “Shine Your Glory Down”, have all been derived from these releases. She has sold two million albums since starting her career.^[3]

St. James is also an accomplished author and actress. To date, she has released nine published books and starred in five films, a musical stage show, and a VeggieTales episode (“An Easter Carol“). Her ninth book, What Is He Thinking?, was released on 26 September 2011. She has starred in the films Unidentified, Sarah’s Choice, Rising Stars, The Frontier Boys, Suing the Devil, A Strange Brand of Happy, and Faith of Our Fathers. She is also an outspoken sexual abstinence and pro-life advocate, a spokesperson for Compassion International, the sister of Joel and Luke Smallbone, who comprise the band for King & Country, and the wife of Foster the People‘s former bassist Jacob “Cubbie” Fink.^[4][5][6]

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1Early life
• 2Career
  • 2.1Musical beginnings (1990–1995)
  • 2.2God and Pray (1996–1999)
  • 2.3Transform, Worship God and Wait for Me: The Best from Rebecca St. James (2000–2004)
  • 2.4If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something, film debut, and aLIVE in Florida (2005–2007)
  • 2.5Musical hiatus and film career launch (2008–2010)
  • 2.6I Will Praise You and film career (2011–2012)
  • 2.7First novel and music retirement (2013-present)
• 3Personal life
• 4Awards
• 5Discography
• 6Bibliography
• 7Filmography
• 8Interviews
• 9References
• 10External links

Early life[edit]

Rebecca St. James was born Rebecca Jean Smallbone on 26 July 1977 in Sydney, Australia to parents David and Helen Smallbone.^[1] She moved to Nashville, Tennessee, after her father’s job relocation, in 1991, where she was raised with a sister, Libby, and five brothers, Ben, Dan, Joel, Josh, and Luke.^[7]

Career[edit]

Musical beginnings (1990–1995)[edit]

In 1990, at twelve years of age, St. James opened shows for CCM artist Carman during his Australian tour. The following year she released an independent album, Refresh My Heart, in Australia under the stage name “Rebecca Jean”.^[8][9] Soon after its release, her family moved to the United States where her father received a job offer.^[8] She signed with ForeFront Records and took her stage name at the label’s request. In 1994 she released her major label debut titled Rebecca St. James.^[10]She also released an EP titled Rebecca St. James: Extended Play Remixes in 1995.^[11]

God and Pray (1996–1999)[edit]

On 25 June 1996, St. James released her second major album God, led by the title track. The album took her music in a new direction, focusing more on rock. It debuted to positive reviews ^[12] and debuted at 200, and peaked at 168 on the Billboard200.^[13] It also charted at No. 10 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and No. 6 on Billboard’s Contemporary Christian chart.^[12] In 1997, she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album for God and in 2005 the album was RIAAcertified gold for selling over 500,000 copies.^[14] To promote the album, St. James released a devotion book titled 40 Days with God: A Devotional Journey in 1996.^[15]

In 1997, St. James released the sequel to her devotional book, titled You’re the Voice: 40 More Days with God.^[16] On 7 October of the same year, she released her first holiday album, simply titled Christmas. The album charted at No. 12 onBillboard’s Top Heatseekers chart and No. 14 on the Top Contemporary Christian chart.^[17]

On 20 October 1998 St. James released her third studio album, Pray, which debuted to mixed reviews.^[18][19] The album managed to chart at No. 168 on the Billboard 200, and No. 5 on both the Heatseekers Chart and the Contemporary Christian Chart.^[18] The album won a Grammy in 1999 for Best Rock/Gospel Album,^[18] and in 2006 it was RIAA certified gold for selling over 500,000 copies.^[14]

In 1999 St. James released a song titled “Yes, I Believe In God” to radio only, in memory of the lives lost at the Columbine shooting. The song was later released on the album Wait for Me: The Best from Rebecca St. James.^[20] Also in 1999, St. James released a video on VHS titled No Secrets featuring interviews of her and her family, behind-the-scenes footage and the music video for the song “Pray”.^[21] In addition to her own projects, St. James took part in a CD release titled Heaven & Earth: A Tapestry of Worship, which featured female Christian artists such as Nichole Nordeman and Jennifer Knapp. The album was released in November 1999 and features two songs by St. James; “As We Wait” and “River of Life”.^[22]

Transform, Worship God and Wait for Me: The Best from Rebecca St. James (2000–2004)[edit]

On 24 October 2000, St. James released a brand new album titled Transform. The album charted at No. 166 on the Billboard 200, No. 7 on the Heatseekers Chart and No. 14 on the Contemporary Christian Chart.^[23] The album garnered positive reviews ^[23][24] and featured the songs “Wait for Me” and “Reborn“. Also in 2000, St. James made a cameo in the film Left Behind: The Movie. A year later, the devotional book, 40 Days with God was re-released with a new layout and five new devotions.^[25]

In 2002, to promote the single “Wait For Me” from Transform, St. James released the book Wait for Me: Rediscovering the Joy of Purity in Romance,^[26] which went on to sell over 100,000 copies and spawn a journal ^[27] and study guide.^[28] The song and book promotes sexual abstinence before marriage, and St. James has since become a major spokesperson for the subject.

On 26 February 2002, St. James released the album Worship God. The album debuted to extremely positive reviews ^[29][30] and charted at No. 94 on the Billboard 200, marking St. James’ first Top 100 album, and No. 5 on the Contemporary Christian chart.^[30] She released a DVD to promote the album 19 November 2002 that featured music videos, interviews, etc.^[31]

On 25 March 2003, after 10 years with ForeFront Records, St. James released her first compilation project, Wait for Me: The Best from Rebecca St. James, which features 16 of her most popular songs and two new ones,^[32] including “I Thank You” which managed to peak at No. 2 on Billboard’s Hot Christian Songs chart.^[33] The album failed to make the Billboard 200, but charted at No. 16 on the Contemporary Christian chart.^[32]

On 24 February 2004, St. James released her very first live album titled Live Worship: Blessed Be Your Name which features 7 new songs and 2 studio recorded songs. The album charted at No. 187 on the Billboard 200 and No. 12 on the Top Christian Albums chart.^[34] Later that year, St. James released a compilation album titled The Best of Rebecca St. James, and her book SHE: Safe, Healthy, Empowered: The Woman You’re Made to Be.^[35] Also in 2004, St. James starred in the stage musical !Hero as a modern day Mary Magdalene aka “Maggie”.^[36] St. James later lent her voice to the VeggieTales episode An Easter Carol as Hope the Music Box Angel.^[21] She also took part in a pop/rock VeggieTales album titled Veggie Rocks!. She covered “The VeggieTales Theme Song” for the album.^[37]

If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something, film debut, and aLIVE in Florida (2005–2007)[edit]

Rebecca St. James performing at the Higher Ground Music Festival in August 2005

After taking a hiatus from recording music, St. James returned to the studio in early 2005 to record new songs. On 24 October 2005, the first single from the album, “Alive“, was released.^[38] The song managed to chart at No. 3 on R&R’s CHR Chart ^[3] and No. 13 on Billboards Hot Christian Songs Chart.^[39] The new album, titled If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something was released on 22 November 2005. The album debuted to fairly positive reviews.^[40][41] It charted at No. 14 on Billboard’s Top Christian Albums Chart, but failed to make the Billboard 200.^[41]

On 1 July 2005 St. James released a Teen Edition of her book, SHE ^[42] and on 1 October 2005, she released another book titled Sister Freaks: Stories of Women Who Gave Up Everything For God.^[43]

In early 2006, St. James embarked on her If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something Tour with fellow Christian group BarlowGirl.^[44] She also recorded the theme song for the National Day of Prayer. The song was titled “America” and was released to iTunes on 2 May 2006.^[45] She also recorded a cover of Chris Tomlin‘s song “Forever” for the album WOW Worship: Aqua.^[46] The same year, ForeFront Records put together a compilation album titled The Early Years, that covered ten songs from her earliest releases: Rebecca St. James, GOD and Pray.^[47] Aside from music, St. James made her major character film debut in Unidentified as Colleen in 2006.^[48]

In 2007, ForeFront Records took live footage and recordings from the If I Had One Chance… Tour and released a CD/DVD collection on 20 March titled aLIVE in Florida. The album features 14 live songs and an exclusive remix of “You Are Loved”.^[49] The album charted at No. 43 on Billboard’s Top Christian Albums Chart.^[49] At the time of the album’s release, it was announced that St. James has sold over 1.8 million albums to date.^[3]

Musical hiatus and film career launch (2008–2010)[edit]

In the midst of a musical hiatus, ForeFront Records put together a two-disc compilation album titled The Ultimate Collection which was released 11 March 2008.^[50] Another compilation titled Greatest Hits was released later that year on 28 October 2008.^[51] On 3 September 2008 St. James released another book titled Pure: A 90-Day Devotional for the Mind, Body, & Spirit.^[52]

In late 2008, St. James announced she would star as the lead role in a new film titled Sarah’s Choice, which was released 17 November 2009 to DVD.^[53] The film also features a song by St. James titled “Little One”.^[54] The song was released almost two years later on 2 September 2011.^[55] The film received good reviews from Christian movie critics.^[56][57]

Although on musical hiatus, on 16 April 2009 St. James released a new song titled “You’re Alive” to iTunes^[58] as part of an album titled Resurrection Worship: Songs of Hope. Then, in June 2009, she released another new song titled “Wish” to her MySpace page.^[59] Aside from these brief musical endeavors, St. James’ book Loved: Stories of Forgiveness was released on 1 September 2009.^[60]

On 19 August 2009, Christian Cinema reported that St. James had wrapped up filming a new movie titled Rising Stars, which was released on 22 October 2010.^[61] On 28 April 2010, it was announced that St. James is working on another film titledFrontier Boys,^[62] and a book titled What Is He Thinking?, both to be released in 2011.^{[dated info][63]} It was also later announced that she will star in a film titled Suing the Devil,^[64] which was released in August 2011.^{[dated info]}

I Will Praise You and film career (2011–2012)[edit]

On 19 October 2010 St. James released her version of “O Little Town of Bethlehem” on the album The Essential Christmas Collection.^[65] On 18 November 2010, St. James announced that she had parted ways with ForeFront Records and would be releasing a new worship album in April 2011 via Beach Street/Reunion Records. Her ninth studio album, I Will Praise You, was released on 5 April 2011. It was preceded by the single “Shine Your Glory Down”, which was released to Christian radio on 11 February. The album was met with positive reviews from Christian music critics and was highly successful, debuting at No. 18 on Billboard‘s Hot Christian Albums chart and later peaking at No. 9. It also peaked at No. 153 on the Billboard 200, her highest charting effort after Worship God.^[66] Her ninth book, What Is He Thinking?, hit shelves on 26 September 2011.^[67][68]

On 16 June 2011 it was announced that St. James would be starring in a new romantic comedy film titled A Strange Brand of Happy, which was released on 13 September 2013. The film revolves around a single Christian life coach Joyce who falls for an agnostic client. The movie began filming on 15 August 2011 in Cincinnati,^[69] and was released on 13 September 2013.

First novel and music retirement (2013-present)[edit]

On 12 March 2013 St. James announced via her Facebook page that she is currently publishing her first Christian novel titled The Merciful Scar, co-authored with Nancy Rue.^[70] It will be released on 10 September 2013. She also narrated the documentary Mother India: Life Through the Eyes of the Orphan, which was released on 23 April 2013.^[71]

ForeFront Records released a new compilation album on 7 January 2014 titled Icon (titled Best of Rebecca St. James in the iTunes store).^[72] Her second novel, Sarah’s Choice, an adaptation of the 2009 film of the same name in which St. James starred, was released on 27 May 2014, while her third novel, One Last Thing, is due on 10 March 2015. Both books are co-authored by Nancy Rue.^[73]

Faith of Our Fathers, released in July 2015, features St. James portraying a car-stealing Australian hitchhiker.^[74]

Personal life[edit]

Originally from Australia, St. James moved with her family to the United States at age 14. She currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee.^[75] Two of her brothers, Joel and Luke Smallbone, form the band For King & Country.^[76]

On 3 January 2011 she announced her engagement to Foster the People‘s former bassist Jacob “Cubbie” Fink, a Colorado native and a missionary to South Africa.^[77] Fink proposed on Christmas Day 2010 at St. James’ family’s farm inFranklin.^[67][78][79] They married on 23 April 2011 at the Junípero Serra Museum in San Diego, California.^[80] On 4 October 2013, St. James announced that they were expecting their first child^[81] and on 18 February 2014, she gave birth to their daughter Gemma Elena Fink.^[82][83]

Awards[edit]

• 2000: Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album – Pray
• 2002: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – Prayer of Jabez
• 2004: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – !Hero
• 2006: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

Discography[edit]

Main article: Rebecca St. James discography

• 1991: Refresh My Heart
• 1994: Rebecca St. James
• 1996: God
• 1997: Christmas
• 1998: Pray
• 2000: Transform
• 2002: Worship God
• 2005: If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something
• 2011: I Will Praise You^[84]

Bibliography[edit]

Year	Title	ISBN
1996/2001	40 Days with God: A Devotional Journey	ISBN 0-7847-0569-0, ISBN 0-7847-1274-3
1997	You’re the Voice: 40 More Days with God	ISBN 0-7852-7139-2
2002/2008	Wait For Me: Rediscovering the Joy of Purity in Romance	ISBN 0-7852-7127-9
2003	Wait For Me Journal: Thoughts For My Future Husband	ISBN 0785263969, ISBN 978-0785263968
2004	SHE: Safe, Healthy, Empowered — The Woman You’re Made To Be	ISBN 1-4143-0026-3
2005	SHE Teen: Safe, Healthy, Empowered, co-authored with Lynda Hunter Bjorklund	ISBN 1-4143-0028-X
	Wait For Me Study Guide: Discover the Power of Purity	ISBN 1418501956, ISBN 978-1418501952
	Sister Freaks: Stories of Women Who Gave Up Everything for God	ISBN 0-446-69560-2
2008	Pure	ISBN 0-446-50041-0, ISBN 978-0-446-50041-8
2009	Loved: Stories of Forgiveness	ISBN 978-0-446-19701-4
2011	What Is He Thinking?	ISBN 0-446-57267-5, ISBN 978-0-446-57267-5
2013	The Merciful Scar, co-authored with Nancy Rue[85]	ISBN 1401689221, ISBN 978-1401689223
2014	Sarah’s Choice, co-authored with Nancy Rue	ISBN 1401689248, ISBN 978-1401689247
2015	One Last Thing, co-authored with Nancy Rue	ISBN 9781401689261, ISBN 9781401689261

Filmography[edit]

Year	Title	Role
2000	Left Behind: The Movie	Camera Coordinator for GNN
2001	The First Easter	Mary Magdalene (voice)
2004	An Easter Carol	Hope, the Music Box Angel (voice)
2004	!Hero	Maggie
2006	Unidentified	Colleen
2009	Sarah’s Choice	Sarah Collins
2010	Rising Stars	Kari
2011	The Frontier Boys[86]	Judy Bracken
2011	Suing the Devil	Jasmine Williams
2013	Mother India: Life Through the Eyes of the Orphan[87]	Narrator
2013	A Strange Brand of Happy	Joyce Heller
2015	Faith of Our Fathers	Annie

Interviews[edit]

2003:

• Getting to Know Rebecca St. James (for Jesusfreakhideout)

2004:

• Singer, Author, Actress by Mark Moring (For Christian Music Today)

2005:

• Balancing Act by Camerin Courtney (For Christian Women Magazine)
• A Two Way Street w/ Evie Tornquist by Russ Breimeier (For Christian Music Today)
• Rebecca Gets Real by Andree Farias (For Christian Music Today)
• Always Faithful Interview by Perry Hicks (For GulfCoastNews.com)

2006:

• Tuning in to the Voice of God by Dena Ross (For Beliefnet)

2008:

• Rebecca St. James Goes Back to Work (for Jesusfreakhideout)

Rebecca St James 1995 TBN – Here I Am

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